第二十三章 指尖如酒（2 / 2）

Theprinciplecanusethetheoryofbasicassumptionstounderstandtheemployees，andtomotiveaswellastoinductthem.Iftheworkersalwaysgetpositiveassumptionsfromthecampusenvironment，theymayoptimisticandwillingtocontribute，andviseversa.Theleadermayalsousethebasicassumptionstogetanalysisoftheinstitutionandworkers，thushelpdesigningthefuture.

◆Intelligence

In1904，AlfredBinetinventedamethodtoidentifythosechildreninschoolwhoneededspecialhelp.Therebyamethodcameouttotellpeople’sintelligence.TheresultofthistestingsystemiscalledIntelligenceQuotient，alsoknownasIQ.Theprinciplecanusetheintelligencedistinguishsystemtosortoutstudents，anddecidethecurriculum.Forexample，thestudentswhoareespeciallygiftedwithhighIQmayfindtheregularcurriculumtooeasy，thusbecomeimpatientandlackconcentrationonschoolwork.Onthecontrary，studentswhoaredisadvantagedintermsofintelligencemayfaceparticularchallengeandgetfrustrationfeelingwithoutspecifichelp.Ahigh-qualifiedleadershouldmakesurethestaffunderstandandareabletocaterforthedifferentneedsoftwoextremestudents.

Later，onthebasisofIQ，atermcalledEQwasdeveloped.Itreferstopeople’semotionalintelligence.BeingaGreatLeaderRequiresEmotionalIntelligence.

◆HumanCapital

Humanresourcesarepreciousassetsofaninstitution.Itseemshardtopredicthumancapitalsometimes，becausehumanbeingsarechangeable，easytobeaffectedbymanyexternalorinternalfactors.However，usingsomespecificpsychologicalprinciplesconcerninghumanresources，canfacilitatetheprincipletotrain，motivate，andevaluatethestaff.

Employmentcanbedifficult，andanyerrormayturntobetroublesomeandcostly.Thesubsequentprocessisnoteasier.Thatiswhythehumanresourcesmanagementhasbecomeacriticalelementtooperateasuccessfulschool.Humanresourcesadministratorsmustworknotonlytorecruittheproperstaff，butalsopromoteaschool’senvironment.

◆LearningOrganization

Stayingcompetitiveintoday’seconomyisessentialtoanyorganization.Schoolorganizationsalsomustbenimbleandagiletosurvive.Thatrequiresdevelopingincreasedabilitytosense，evenpredict，theproblemsposedbytheirenvironmentsandinventsolutionstothem.Thisispartoftheconceptofthelearningorganization:anorganization，learnstonimblyadapttounfoldingchangesintheenvironment.Itisalsocalledorganizationdevelopment.

Inalearningorganization，theworkerscontinuallyenhancetheircapabilitiestocreatewhattheywanttocreate.Organizationsarespendingmoretimeandfeetoinsuretheemployeesupdatedtothestate-of-artknowledge，thankstothequickdevelopmentoftechnology.Itisreasonabletopredictthatinthefuture，continuouslearningcapacitywouldbecrucialtorecruit.Thejobseekermayhardlytobehiredwithoutpresentingexcellentlearningability.

◆ContingencyView

Thecontingencyviewholdsthatthereisnoonebestwayofmanagingunderallconditions，butthatthereareoptimalwaysofmanagingconflictundercertainconditions.Therearesituational-contingentfactorsthataffectaleader＇sabilitytolead.Theeffectivenessofworkersdependsonhowgoodamatchexistsbetweentheleadershipstyleoftheleaderandthedemandsofthesituation.

Theleaders，whocanactuallyexertcontroloverthestaff，excellentlygettaskinvolved，andsuccessfullyacceptedbythesubordinates，aremorelikelytoleadtheschoolintoabrightfuture.Theprinciplewhoholdsacontingencyview，maygivedifferentinductionstodifferentnewteachers，accordingtotheirdiversepersonalities.

◆Likert’sfoursystems

System1:exploitive-authoritative(orpunitive-authoritarian)，theleaderhasalowconcernforpeopleandusessuchmethodsasthreatsandotherfear-basedmethodstoachieveconformance.;System2:benevolent-authoritative(orpaternalistic-authoritarian)，theresponsibilityliesatthemanageriallevelsbutnotatthelowerlevelsoftheorganizationalhierarchy;System3:consultativesystem，thesuperiorhassubstantialbutnotcomplete，trustandconfidenceinhissubordinates;4:theparticipative(orgroupinteractive)modelofanorganizationalsystem，superiorshavecompleteconfidenceintheirsubordinates，andmotivationisbyeconomicrewardsbasedongoalswhichhavebeensetinparticipation.

Lowerthenumber，thesystemismorelikelytobeoperatedbasedontheoryX.Higherthenumberis，thesystemismorelikelytobeoperatedbasedontheoryY.

Theleaderinexploitive-authoritativeconcernlittleforpeople，andpreferstousefear-basedmethodssuchasthreatstoachieveconformance.Thismanagementmethodcanbeeffective.However，itcanalsostiflepeople’screativity，whichisthemostpreciousvalueofhumancapital.Ipredictinfuture，themostsuccessfulschools’leadersshouldpreferparticipativestyle，ratherthanopposite.